Consolidation Of Democracy In Post-Soviet Russia Essays

Consolidation of Democracy in Post-Soviet Russia Russian History Consolidation of Democracy in Post-Soviet Russia Introduction The fall of the Communist regime in the Soviet Union was more than a political event. The powerful interaction and fusion between politics and economics that characterized the state socialist system created a situation that was unique for the successor states of the Soviet Union. The penetration of the Communist regime into every facet of life left the Russian people with little democratic traditions. Russia faces the seemingly impracticable task of economic liberalization and democratization. This is combined with a necessity to answer nationalist and ethnic questions that have plagued Russia for centuries. This paper addresses the problems of creating a stable democracy in Russia. The prospects for a stable democracy in Russia are limited at best. I will outline some of the concerns that academics have in the consolidation of Russian democracy. What is paramount to note is that a stable democracy must adequately address what Ken Jowitt calls the ?developmental trinity?: nation-building; capitalism and democracy. The dilemma that is especially relevant to Russia it that these conditions are often contradictory. The often messy business of politically reconstructing a nation defies traditional democratic ideals. The establishment of democratic institutions can hinder the development of a market economy and, conversely, programs that are designed to enhance capitalist expansion often are antagonistic towards democratic goals (Jowitt 7). These seemingly endless Catch-22's are at the heart of difficulties facing Russia in its attempt to create a stable democracy. The Process of Creating A Nation-State The question of who is the playing the game and what makes the playing field is an important one for the Russian Federation. Ethnic and nationalist questions plagued the Soviet Union and continue to stress the Russia Federation during its nascent period. The dynamics of center-periphery relations provides Moscow with some of the greatest challenges in establishing a stable democracy. Phillipe Smitter writes, ?There is no simply democratic way of deciding what a nation and its corresponding political unit should be? (Smitter 66). Later in his article, he writes ?those that have not yet resolved the dilemma of defining their national and territorial boundaries are unlikely to make much more progress in other domains? (Smitter 73). The dilemma facing the Russian Federation is that it finds itself with a charge of establishing and following democratic institutions, while at the same time facing secessionary pressures that seem to require extra-democratic means to preserve the integrity of the nation. Nationalism in multiethnic areas in the Russian Federation has provided a substantial challenge for democratization. There is a direct relationship between democratization and ethnic peace (Smitter 72). In a democratically weak society, ethnicity assumes a stronger role, and when democracy and ethnicity are balanced, political stability is possible. As a result of a lack of democratic institutions and channels for dialogue, Russia's inhabitants are now increasingly identifying themselves as members of ethnic groups rather than as citizens of the Russian Federation (Drobizheva). An important development in center-periphery relations is the growing importance of ?economic nationalism,? an effort to create an economic basis for political independence. Economic nationalism is a protective defense against the Russian federal government's economic dominance. Alternatively, it is also a sign that the republics wish to retain relations with Moscow since politics remains primarily in the hands of the center (Drobizheva). For example, Tatarstan and Sakha-Yakutia both have a wealth of natural resources, giving them a potential advantage in economic development and a desire to establish control over these resources. Tatarstan, for example, strives to sell its oil at world market prices in foreign markets to generate income, and in 1993-94, the local governments in Tatarstan and Yakutia sought economic decentralization in Russia by refusing to pay federal taxes. Consequently, an agreement reached between the federal government and the republics gave the latter what they wanted: increased economic autonomy (Drobizheva). Further inquiry into the agreements with Tartarsan demonstrates the flexibility the Yeltsin regime is willing to employ in dealing with possible powder-keg situations. A treaty signed on February 15, 1994 attempted to mollify the tensions on both sides. The treaty affirmed Tartarsan right to its own ?international and economic relations? and, as previously noted, provided substantial autonomy in economic issues for Tartarsan. Smoothing over

Career Assessment Example

Career Assessment Example Career Assessment – Coursework Example Career Assessment Career Assessment The African Americans face significant challenges with living and working in a culturally diverse society, which should be addressed in career counseling. Providing distinctive career counseling to people in the minority groups, such as the African Americans will go a long way in providing them opportunities similar to the majority groups. The fine distinction in career counseling will help the African Americans in getting rid of their career problems and further achieve successful career outcomes (Ponterotto, 2009). Counselors must be cultural competent and provide cross-cultural solutions to underlying career problems, such as culturally encompassing information gathering model. This should be through understanding individual values, perceptions, ideas, and assumptions. Additionally, career counselors should appreciate their worldviews and develop cultural-specific interventions that will help them overcome their career issues (Ponterotto, 2009). In the present day, African Americans continue to experience occupational discrimination where they have to live and work in culturally diverse societies. According to Ponterotto (2009), the African Americans, constantly feel different from the dominant culture. A helpful intervention in addressing occupational discrimination for the African Americans is occupational role models. This entails seeking employment options that not only make them feel accepted but also comfortable in the society. For example, they can engage in sports, athletics or entertainment, which they are perceived culturally successful. However, a major challenge for this intervention entails individuals feeling as if they have been given ‘left over’ occupational options. This means that more research is the ultimate need to give a lift to this intervention and further help the African Americans feel included in majority employment circles.ReferencePonterotto, J. G. (2009). Handbook of multicultural counseling. Washington DC: SAGE Publications, Inc.

A personal reflective account Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A personal reflective account - Essay Example It is also essential to note that our team leader adopted a hands-on approach during the entire process and he did this through constantly checking on how the team members were doing as well as helping them where he felt that they were not undertaking their tasks as they were supposed to. Furthermore, the moral support that he gave to the team members played a key role in making the event a success because all of us were encouraged to give our best. Communication played a significant role in our success because the team kept in constant touch to ensure that all went well. This is especially the case where tasks were assigned to different individuals and it was essential to ensure that there was constant coordination of activities so that some members of the team would not be left behind (Paauwe and Boon 2009, p.38). I believe that communication also allowed for greater interaction within the team and it helped in the development of friendships, which helped in enhancing the working environment. The event was a success because the communication that existed within the team allowed its members to understand each other’s strengths and weaknesses; allowing to a smooth transition into working together in such a way that they functioned as if they had known each other all their lives. Communication enhanced the manner through which the team was able to develop a plan for the event and execute it; removing all the potential fri ctions that would have otherwise led to the disruption of the team’s activities (Harrison and Lock 2004, p.34). As a result of the willingness of the team members to communicate with each other, we were able to make the event a success; increasing our potential to do better. During our work on planning and implementation of the event, I was able to recognise both our strengths and weaknesses and this, I believe, will be helpful in our